United Grain Growers Essay Example for Free

Joined Grain Growers Essay Joined Grain Growers Limited (UGG) is the third-biggest grain handler and wholesaler of yield inputs (seed, manures, herbicides, and pesticides) in Canada. UGG was framed in 1906 and, until 1993, worked as a rancher possessed agreeable whose essential business and pay originated from grain taking care of in western Canada. Western Canada has in excess of 100,000 homesteads, and in 1997, ranch consumptions on crop sources of info and feed totaled roughly C$4 billion. In the late 1990s, Canadas portion of world wheat exchange was 22 percent, for all intents and purposes completely created in western Canada. UGG satisfies a key job in the â€Å"seed-to-supermarket† food framework. It gives a dependable flexibly channel, with on-time conveyance to demanding particulars. Canadian law necessitates that all wheat and grain bound for human utilization be sold through the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB). These are known as â€Å"Board grains,† for which UGG is paid a preestablished taking care of tax per ton. UGG likewise purchases â€Å"non-Board grains† (e. g. , canola, flax, linola, peas, feed grain, and different grains not expose to the CWB imposing business model) and markets them locally and globally. UGG gains an edge on non-Board grains dependent on the productivity with which it advertises and oversees stock and fences its situations on world fates markets. UGG fills in as the connection between the CWB and the rancher for dealing with Board grains, and between the rancher and the market for non-Board grains. UGG conveys Board grains, bought in the interest of the CWB, to meet CWB deals contracted on residential and universal wheat and grain markets. UGG sells non-Board grains, bought straightforwardly from ranchers, on its own in local and worldwide markets. Joined Grain Growers Ltd. (UGG), a Canadian grain wholesaler, examined its presentation to various key dangers, particularly the effect of climate on grain volumes and working pay. Understanding these dangers was urgent in light of the fact that the organization was amidst a significant modernization and enhancement program. However, in spite of the fact that UGG previously oversaw customary dangers through an assortment of control forms, it was as yet confronted with the issue of how to manage the greatest hazard; the climate.

Why the Rainforests Destruction Should Be Prohibited

Why the Rainforests Destruction Should Be Prohibited The most significant thing we can do †is to mind. We need to think about the world we live in, the magnificence we are encircled by, the existence that thrives around. Woodlands Are the Lungs of the Earth Earth is wonderful. The 30% of its property region is secured with woodlands. These are the environs that assume a significant job in the planet usefulness. They help control atmosphere, controlling environmental gasses and looking after rainfalls. Over half of the world’s species believe rainforests to be their home. In any case. Consistently, timberland the size of 20 football fields is felled. Consistently we lose around 80, 000 sections of land of tropical rainforests. Specialists concur, that in 100 years the rest of the backwoods will vanish. We most likely can plant another tree. Be that as it may, would we be able to plant another environment? Caution! An unnatural weather change! These days the biggest woods fell happens in the accompanying nations: Brazil Indonesia Majority rule Republic Congo Malaysia Bolivia Columbia Peru Myanmar Cote d’Ivoire Madagascar Venezuela Cambodia Vietnam Laos Why Are the Rainforests so Important? Rainforests help control the climate and the general planet temperature. Just Amazon creates about 20% of the oxygen. Yet, that’s not the full rundown:  Rainforests had been developing for around 100 million years, in this way they came to be home for in excess of 35 million types of creatures and plants. Deforestation will murder them all.  Forests give oxygen people can't live without. Besides, they assimilate the unsafe carbon dioxide, WE discharge. What do we have? We discharge carbon dioxide that murders us and we execute rainforests that could spare us. The incongruity of destiny.  A quarter of the considerable number of prescriptions we have today originated from the plants developed in the rainforest. Also, this is just 1% of the considerable number of plants investigated! Imagine a scenario in which we investigate 100% of the rainforests plants. Likely we would have solutions for all the infections pestering us today. Be that as it may, again †we slaughter what can truly spare us.  Forests direct rainfalls, sifting water and providing it to the waterways and water system frameworks. Our planet must be incredibly appreciative, so should be we.  Rainforests are home for indigenous individuals, as still may clans live in the core of the rainforests all around the globe. The entire extent of deforestation process is alarming. By executing the most seasoned biological system on earth, we are losing the opportunity to carry on with a satisfied life on this planet. Our planet is such a lovely spot known to man, we can't allow it to kick the bucket. Why Are the Rainforests Felled? The fundamental driver of deforestation is people. We find such a large number of explanations behind the rainforests chopping down: Agribusiness Wood for hardwood Street building up Mash for paper making paper Land for living Touching area These thought processes tell just a single thing †individuals need the human progress to govern, however in 100 years, when rainforests vanish, we will lean toward something other than what's expected by any means. Presently we despite everything possess energy for the huge change to occur. WE should be this change. Else, it will be past the point of no return. See likewise: What Electric Cars Are Doing to Reduce Global Pollution Levels? What Can We Do about Global Deforestation? Things being what they are, what would it be advisable for us to do to help spare probably a portion of the rest of the woodlands? Tip 1. Individuals are purchasers in nature. Presently we need to expend shrewdly. Reusing the items that produced using trees (like paper) permits utilizing them over and over. In such a manner, we decline the requirement for these items, in this way †in the trees. Tip 2. Thereâ are organizations, that are ecologically well disposed, they don't make any harm to nature and are of high caliber. Numerous organizations additionally sell items made out of reused material. Such things are increasingly costly, yet biology is invaluable. Tip 3. Attempt to eat less meat. Lower interest for meat is lower interest for touching area. Less brushing lands †more woodlands. Tip 4. Understand papers and magazines on the web. Tip 5. Plant a tree, or two, or the timberland. Natural EDUCATION AND GREEN CITIZENSHIP The most significant thing we can do †is to CARE. We need to think about the world we live in, the magnificence we are encircled by, the existence that prospers around. Lack of concern will never roll out an improvement. We are the ones who can do it. My grandparents inhabited the woods. At the point when I was little I used to play there, have picnics with my loved ones, read my preferred books, think beyond practical boundaries or simply tune in. That was an extraordinary time gone through with the nearest individuals in the astounding spot. A year prior, it was felled. Each tree of my fantasy place was chopped down. Winged creatures don't sing there any longer. I don't stroll there any longer. It’s only an unfilled spot on the guide and the opening in my heart. They fell our woodlands to develop the street, yet they demolished significantly more. It’s not just the issue of the rainforests vanishing. It’s a matter of each tree developing at the house or in the park.â We have a major issue which needs a quick arrangement. We can't remain beside this. Together we can stop the deforestation fiasco.

Unlock The Power Of Mind Maps For Business - Focus

Unlock The Power Of Mind Maps For Business - Focus The Perfect Business Org Chart Is there a secret to taking great meeting minutes? What are the most important things to consider when creating a project plan? Or a business plan for that matter? What information should be included, what shouldn’t? If you’ve never had to do one of the above before, the whole process could come across as quite daunting. But, what we all want to know is â€" what’s the most effective technique? No point in reinventing the wheel. Can someone give us the CliffsNotes version? Yes. We (MindMeister) can! We recently posted an article about the re-launch of Templates for MindMeister. What is a MindMeister template you ask? Well it’s exactly like a normal template, only in mind map form. Its an outline, a plan if you will, that guides you through the process of creating all sorts of business documents. It saves you time. We’ve done all the research and created the plan so that you don’t have to. All that’s left for you to do is populate it with information relevant to you, and also customize it to suit your needs. That way, you use your time more efficiently and where it matters. A template created on MindMeister is a living document, that means it can be edited and shared in real time, all updates are instantaneous and everyone involved can stay on the same page. Use a Template For Your Meeting Minutes Taking effective meeting minutes is easy if you plan ahead, stick to some important ground rules, and use a well-thought-out template. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Meeting Minutes on MindMeister. Meeting minutes serve a dual purpose of keeping a record of topics that were discussed and noting down next steps. First off, note when and where the meeting will take place. We’ve added in a topic solely for stating the date, time and location. It is also important to indicate who attended the meeting and also who didn’t. You can use the attendees section for this. Like this Mind Map?It can be found in our new template library, accessible from the MindMeister dashboard Get started now Its Free Get started now Don’t forget to share your mind map with all attendees ahead of the meeting. That way, everyone will be able to access a visual representation of what’s been discussed, make their updates and share their notes in real-time. Keep track The bigger and more complicated a project becomes, the more essential it is to keep track of what’s been discussed in the past. Perhaps a key stakeholder forgot that he or she approved your changes months ago, or you have to look up an important decision that was made during the meeting. Keeping a detailed record of your meeting will prevent something like this from curtailing your projects progress. What’s great about using an online tool for this purpose is that you are not bound to two hours of searching through tons of folders and emails on your computer for a file containing old meeting minutes. A simple link to a Google document or previous mind map will do the trick. All your meeting mind maps can be stored in your MindMeister account, which you can access via a web browser or from your mobile devices. Ta-da! The agenda Next comes the agenda. Maybe the last meeting kicked-off the project and set goals. The next meeting is perhaps the forum to discuss progress and review which tasks have been completed. Include the key items up for discussion and feedback required in the agenda section. Then make sure everyone sticks to the agenda. Action items is where you can outline and list everyones tasks. What’s more, you can assign the tasks listed directly to the person responsible (the mind map needs to be shared with that person first). You can set the priority of each task (e.g. 1 = high), add due dates and additional notes, and show the task’s progress by making use of icons (the little squares in the image below). And finally, for all those bits of information that need to be mentioned but don’t really fit into one of the categories mentioned above, we’ve added in a notes section. To Template or Not to Template Your Project Plan? Project managers are often faced with the immense task of turning a grand idea into an actionable plan. And, if that isn’t hard enough, they’re often working with little budget and have an unrealistic deadline. Something along the lines of: “I want to launch a new product tomorrow â€" make it happen”. Okay, that was a bit of an exaggeration but you get the gist. But, after creating your first thirty project plans, you come to realize that they all bare the same attributes. They are all some form of the sacred project management triangle. A delicate balance of trying to create something of quality within the project scope and allocated budget, in a reasonable amount of time. This is exactly what makes a project plan the perfect candidate for a mind map template. Here is an example of how the template looks completely filled out: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Project Plan New Product Launch on MindMeister. Start by writing the title of your project into the root topic located at the center of the map. Branching off center are the first-level topics: cost, scope and time. These topics are then divided further. Cost and scope Cost is where you can outline your direct and indirect costs. You can also attach quotes from both internal and external vendors, the monthly or yearly budget sheets or links to relevant documents. That way, everyone can see where you’re at in terms of budget at a glance. Scope is where you can get down to the nitty gritty. It is where you document your project’s goals and ultimately deliverables. There is a little bit of an overlap between the sections, so we’ve used relationship arrows (in green) to highlight this. Time and milestones Time has been divided up into various milestones, which in turn can be split up into specific tasks. As mentioned previously, you can also assign the tasks directly to the person responsible so long as the mind map has been shared with them. Just like in the meeting minutes template, you can add the completion status icon in as well. If a bottleneck occurs during the planning process, you can then pinpoint where and make the necessary changes. Mind maps are great for maintaining an overview of your project and its progress, but may not be the ideal solution for collaborative task management. This is why MindMeister integrates well with the online task management tool MeisterTask. You can easily drag and drop defined tasks into the MeisterTask footer located at the bottom of your mind map. This will export your tasks directly into a connected project board. If you like this template, you can find it on your MindMeister dashboard under templates, or alternatively, you could copy this one by simply clicking copy. The Perfect Business Org Chart Been putting off revamping your company org chart? Wait, back up a bit… do you remember where your company org chart is? No? Good news, we’ve got a template for that too! And, because it lives in the cloud, you can update it as and when necessary â€" change in job roles? Add new hires? It will be the only org chart you’ll ever need. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Company Organogram on MindMeister. Bonus: You can also add contact details, email addresses, links to website profiles, and of course photos. There, the perfect organogram never looked so good. We waste so much time can be creating and formatting documents. Especially nowadays, our changes often need to be made and reflected instantly. Don’t waste time starting from scratch, and never update countless versions of the same file again. Instead, let us do the legwork for you. Use templates â€" now accessible straight from your MindMeister dashboard. Unlock The Power Of Mind Maps For Business - Focus The Perfect Business Org Chart Is there a secret to taking great meeting minutes? What are the most important things to consider when creating a project plan? Or a business plan for that matter? What information should be included, what shouldn’t? If you’ve never had to do one of the above before, the whole process could come across as quite daunting. But, what we all want to know is â€" what’s the most effective technique? No point in reinventing the wheel. Can someone give us the CliffsNotes version? Yes. We (MindMeister) can! We recently posted an article about the re-launch of Templates for MindMeister. What is a MindMeister template you ask? Well it’s exactly like a normal template, only in mind map form. Its an outline, a plan if you will, that guides you through the process of creating all sorts of business documents. It saves you time. We’ve done all the research and created the plan so that you don’t have to. All that’s left for you to do is populate it with information relevant to you, and also customize it to suit your needs. That way, you use your time more efficiently and where it matters. A template created on MindMeister is a living document, that means it can be edited and shared in real time, all updates are instantaneous and everyone involved can stay on the same page. Use a Template For Your Meeting Minutes Taking effective meeting minutes is easy if you plan ahead, stick to some important ground rules, and use a well-thought-out template. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Meeting Minutes on MindMeister. Meeting minutes serve a dual purpose of keeping a record of topics that were discussed and noting down next steps. First off, note when and where the meeting will take place. We’ve added in a topic solely for stating the date, time and location. It is also important to indicate who attended the meeting and also who didn’t. You can use the attendees section for this. Like this Mind Map?It can be found in our new template library, accessible from the MindMeister dashboard Get started now Its Free Get started now Don’t forget to share your mind map with all attendees ahead of the meeting. That way, everyone will be able to access a visual representation of what’s been discussed, make their updates and share their notes in real-time. Keep track The bigger and more complicated a project becomes, the more essential it is to keep track of what’s been discussed in the past. Perhaps a key stakeholder forgot that he or she approved your changes months ago, or you have to look up an important decision that was made during the meeting. Keeping a detailed record of your meeting will prevent something like this from curtailing your projects progress. What’s great about using an online tool for this purpose is that you are not bound to two hours of searching through tons of folders and emails on your computer for a file containing old meeting minutes. A simple link to a Google document or previous mind map will do the trick. All your meeting mind maps can be stored in your MindMeister account, which you can access via a web browser or from your mobile devices. Ta-da! The agenda Next comes the agenda. Maybe the last meeting kicked-off the project and set goals. The next meeting is perhaps the forum to discuss progress and review which tasks have been completed. Include the key items up for discussion and feedback required in the agenda section. Then make sure everyone sticks to the agenda. Action items is where you can outline and list everyones tasks. What’s more, you can assign the tasks listed directly to the person responsible (the mind map needs to be shared with that person first). You can set the priority of each task (e.g. 1 = high), add due dates and additional notes, and show the task’s progress by making use of icons (the little squares in the image below). And finally, for all those bits of information that need to be mentioned but don’t really fit into one of the categories mentioned above, we’ve added in a notes section. To Template or Not to Template Your Project Plan? Project managers are often faced with the immense task of turning a grand idea into an actionable plan. And, if that isn’t hard enough, they’re often working with little budget and have an unrealistic deadline. Something along the lines of: “I want to launch a new product tomorrow â€" make it happen”. Okay, that was a bit of an exaggeration but you get the gist. But, after creating your first thirty project plans, you come to realize that they all bare the same attributes. They are all some form of the sacred project management triangle. A delicate balance of trying to create something of quality within the project scope and allocated budget, in a reasonable amount of time. This is exactly what makes a project plan the perfect candidate for a mind map template. Here is an example of how the template looks completely filled out: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Project Plan New Product Launch on MindMeister. Start by writing the title of your project into the root topic located at the center of the map. Branching off center are the first-level topics: cost, scope and time. These topics are then divided further. Cost and scope Cost is where you can outline your direct and indirect costs. You can also attach quotes from both internal and external vendors, the monthly or yearly budget sheets or links to relevant documents. That way, everyone can see where you’re at in terms of budget at a glance. Scope is where you can get down to the nitty gritty. It is where you document your project’s goals and ultimately deliverables. There is a little bit of an overlap between the sections, so we’ve used relationship arrows (in green) to highlight this. Time and milestones Time has been divided up into various milestones, which in turn can be split up into specific tasks. As mentioned previously, you can also assign the tasks directly to the person responsible so long as the mind map has been shared with them. Just like in the meeting minutes template, you can add the completion status icon in as well. If a bottleneck occurs during the planning process, you can then pinpoint where and make the necessary changes. Mind maps are great for maintaining an overview of your project and its progress, but may not be the ideal solution for collaborative task management. This is why MindMeister integrates well with the online task management tool MeisterTask. You can easily drag and drop defined tasks into the MeisterTask footer located at the bottom of your mind map. This will export your tasks directly into a connected project board. If you like this template, you can find it on your MindMeister dashboard under templates, or alternatively, you could copy this one by simply clicking copy. The Perfect Business Org Chart Been putting off revamping your company org chart? Wait, back up a bit… do you remember where your company org chart is? No? Good news, we’ve got a template for that too! And, because it lives in the cloud, you can update it as and when necessary â€" change in job roles? Add new hires? It will be the only org chart you’ll ever need. Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Company Organogram on MindMeister. Bonus: You can also add contact details, email addresses, links to website profiles, and of course photos. There, the perfect organogram never looked so good. We waste so much time can be creating and formatting documents. Especially nowadays, our changes often need to be made and reflected instantly. Don’t waste time starting from scratch, and never update countless versions of the same file again. Instead, let us do the legwork for you. Use templates â€" now accessible straight from your MindMeister dashboard.

Chinese Construction Firms And The International Market

Introduction The In recent decades Chinese construction firms have become important and influential players in the international market, over last decades, especially in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America (Zhao, et al., 2009). The Chinese government?s strong support and encourag encouragement es has facilitated Chinese construction firms to explore pursue the overseas markets. The data from the China Statistics Yearbook (2015) displays states that the international turnover value produced by Chinese construction firms increased from $17.468 billion dollars in 2004 to 142.411 billion dollars in 2014; their overseas contracted value grew from $23.844 billion dollars in 2004 to $191.756 billion dollars in 2014; and†¦show more content†¦Literature from various sources was reviewed in the first step in order to The Literature Review identified y the Key Competitiveness Indicators (KCIs) of Chinese construction firms, such as quality, reputation, profit and company?s cu lture etcetera. and so on. However, in the current dynamic global construction market, several indicators exist which may affect Chinese firms expanding their businesses overseas. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a model to analyse and improve Chinese construction firms? international competitiveness. A three rounds Modified-Delphi interview was ere conducted with 15 Chinese construction industry?s experts; , the iterations of the Delphi exercise allowed the experts to modify the weighting of the KCIs and predict them beyond their own subjective opinions; which facilitated to establishthe establishment of an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model with the KCIs that may can improve Chinese construction firms? international competitiveness in the oversea markets. Research methodology Overview of the Delphi method The Delphi concept was developed by from the American defence industry; , p Project Delphi was the name of a study undertaken by the Rand Corporation for the US Air Force in the early 1950s concerning the use of expert opinion (Robinson, 1991). The Delphi process is a research technique that combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches to

Short Story - 998 Words

I was charging across campus in a daze, only focusing on the handful of memory refreshers in my hand. People were bumping me as I pushed my way through several crowds just trying to get to class on time. I looked down at my pristine steel gray Akribos watch noticing that I had two minutes to get to my Anatomy and Physiology class for my final of first semester. My quick pace immediately turned into a sprint as I still had to journey half way across campus. The brisk fall wind blew my hair against my face as the fall leaves fell from the trees. I ran through the doors of Kela Lecture Hall and flew up the right staircase to find the door to my class slowly closing. I sprinted full speed towards the door and slammed my hand between the wall†¦show more content†¦My legs fell right from underneath me as I fumbled to the ground in a weeping mess. I sat on the ground for a while not wanting to move a muscle as this did not feel like reality, but I got up and flew to my dorm, knowin g I should call my mother and ask how my father is doing. My worn navy blue thinking chair with a paisley print was calling my name, so I sat down in it as I started to prepare myself to call my mother back. Gently pressing the buttons, I held my phone up to my right ear waiting for my mother to answer. The sound of sniffles and tears instantly filled my ear as my mother told me that my father did have a heart attack and that he was in critical condition at St. Cloud Hospital in Minnesota. I knew the moment she was done with her sentence that I had a major life choice to make; should I go to Minnesota to see my dying father? Or should I stay and finish my semester finals? â€Å"Hey Mom? Can you give me a couple of hours to decide?† I murmured gently into the phone, as I was waiting for my inevitable break down. â€Å"Of course honey, just please let me know by tomorrow morning, I will talk to you tomorrow, bye honey,† my mother hung up as she knew she could not be str ong for me or herself much longer. As soon as I heard the familiar sound of an ended call, I threw my phoneShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Marriage Verses Living Together Free Essays

I remember when my husband and I were dating and we both decided to move in with each other rather quickly. We both felt in order to really get to know one another; we had to see how compatible we both were. Because of this, in just a short three years, we were married but living together really proved to be a valuable lesson for the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage Verses Living Together or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s society many people are getting married and divorced at record rates which are really affecting people views psychologically when it comes to marriage vs. cohabitation; therefore, I plan on exploring both options to see how both of these options work. A marriage is a legally binding agreement that grants each partner a wider range of rights and responsibilities. Ending this type of relationship requires a legal procedure. Cohabitation is the act of living together without a legally recognized union. This allows individuals to part ways with less difficulty than if they were married. However, both kinds of couples do live together and therefore spend most of their time together. Married people and cohabiting people are in serious relationships, they don’t generally decide to cohabit with someone they are just casually dating. People who are married are extremely committed to one another but neither couple will be unsure of their relationship or in a relationship with someone they don’t know very well. Married or cohabiting couples don’t have to completely pool their resources; both kinds of couples do have a financial stake in the relationship. At the very least, both will pay half of the rent or mortgage on a house or apartment. This means that both people in both kinds of relationships have something tangible to lose should the relationship fail. Married and cohabiting people are in intimate relationships. This essentially always includes some sexual intimacy; if there is no sexual intimacy in a married or cohabiting relationship, then it is not really a marriage or even a romantic relationship. While some people date without living together and not having sex, couples who live together are almost always in sexual relationships, whether they’re married or not. People commonly insist that a piece of paper, referring to the marriage license, is the only difference between marriage and cohabitation, this is far from being true. A marriage license is a document that drastically alters a relationship. One major way that it does this is by preserving the relationship even if one or both partners walk away. Marriages do not simply dissolve because individuals do not like the way that things are going and wish to invest their energy elsewhere. Instead, a couple must go through a divorce and have a court terminate their relationship. When two people cohabit, they live according to an agreement that may be based on a number of factors, such as emotions or financial convenience, but generally there is no legal responsibility binding one to the other. If the moment arises when the situation no longer seems suitable, both parties can instantly sever their ties. In most jurisdictions, there is not a special body of law regulating how cohabitants’ property should be divided or how the least financially fit partner should be cared for after the break up. With married partners, however, these are major considerations. Another major difference between marriage and cohabitation is liberty. When people marry, they take vows, which are legal and usually religiously sanctioned promises. A married person is not free to enter into intimate relations with other people. In addition to the threat of divorce and the financial ramifications that it can have for the guilty party, it is also possible in many states for one spouse to sue another for adultery. When people cohabitate, relinquishing the liberty to intimately fraternize with others is a choice, and if a person act contrarily, it poses no legal threat. Marriage and cohabitation also differ with regards to the decision-making. Spouses belong to one another, and if there is a life or death decision to be made and one person is unable to do so, her partner will be called upon to act on her behalf. When individuals are cohabiting, they do not generally gain the right or responsibility of making decisions for their partners, no matter how long they stay together. While many people choose to live together, others still prefer marriage. Research has shown that couples who marry generally feel more secure and are more committed to making their relationship work. People should never move in together for convenience. It should be a well thought decision that is preceded by plenty of discussion and planning. How to cite Marriage Verses Living Together, Papers

Alternative Dispute Resolution World Perspective †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Alternative Dispute Resolution World Perspective. Answer: Introduction Contract can be defined as a promise undertaken in which one side of the party promises to pay the consideration and in exchange of this the other party undertakes the task which has been promised under the contract. For creating any contract, there is a need to establish the existence of certain elements and these include an offer, its acceptance, value of consideration, capacity to contract, clarity of terms and the intention of creating a contract. In case the promise made under the contract is not fulfilled, a breach of contract occurs (Mulcahy, 2008). When such happens, the parties could opt for litigation, or solve the dispute through Alternative Dispute Redressal (ADR) methods. In the upcoming segments, the discussion has been carried on these very issues. In this case, the main issue is whether a contract had been rightly created in this case and where it was, between which particular parties was it done. The very first requirement in forming the contract is an offer, in which one party has to offer the other party some terms. It is important that a differentiation has been made between an offer and an undertaken invitation to treat. Invitation to treat shows that the parties want to initiate the negotiations, whereas the offer shows that the parties want to create lawful relationship (Roach, 2016). The differentiation between the two can become important when it comes to the published advertisements. Where the published advertisement covers a unilateral offer, which can be accepted by performing on the terms of such published advertisement, it is an offer as was seen in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256. But, in general this is not the case and the published advertisement are deemed as invitation to treat as was seen in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 (Latimer, 2012). Once the offer has been made by one party, the same needs to be given an explicit acceptance by the party to which the offer had been made. Further, it is crucial that the offer is accepted in the exact manner as it was made, and if the same is changed or altered, instead of being an acceptance, it would become a counter offer. Once that happens, Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 provides that the original offer expires (Marson Ferris, 2015). Also, silence cannot be deemed as valid acceptance as per Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J35 (Andrews, 2015). The date of acceptance is a crucial element in acceptance and is taken to be the date on which the acceptance reaches the offering party. Though, a major exception to this rule is covered under the postal rules of acceptance. As per these rules, the date on which the letter of acceptance is posted, is to be taken as the date of acceptance. The rationale for upholding the validity stems from the fact that the postal office is given the position of being the implied agent of the party which offered. And in such cases, the date on which the letter actually reaches the offering party remains irrelevant. The presence of acceptance was established in Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 due to postal rules of acceptance (Gibson Fraser, 2013). The third key requirement under the contract formation is for the contract to have valid consideration. It could be anything so long as it has an economic value (Treitel Peel, 2015). The three wrappers were accepted as the rightful consideration by the court in Chappel Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 due to the condition precent, thus upholding the validity of contract (E-Law Resources, 2017). There is a need to show that the parties had the capacity to enter into lawful relation. In this regard, the parties have to have the legal age and also sound mind for entering into the contract (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2012). The parties need to have the intention of creating lawful relations, which attracts legal responsibility and legal liability (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2012). The terms of the contract have to be clear to contracting parties, as they give rise to different rights and liabilities for the parties (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2012). From the case study given here, it becomes clear that an offer had been made by Alan through his FB post of November 01st. The reason for deeming it as offer stems from the applicability of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, since it could be accepted by paying the asked price, which would be deemed as acceptance by performance. The reply of Bernard, on the FB post of Alan would be deemed as a counter offer as the terms of the original offer were changed, and based on Hyde v. Wrench the original FB offer was cancelled for Bernard. This counter offer was rejected by Alan and the original terms were offered again. By posting the money, this offer was accepted by Bernard. And the acceptance date here would be November 04th as a result of the applicability of the postal rules. This can also be established from the fact that Bernard had asked Alan to look out for the money. As there is nothing contrary to show that the other elements of contract formation were not present, a contract would be deemed to have been formed between Alan and Bernard. The offer had been made only to the students of Kaplan and friends of Alan. As Charleen was none of these, a contract was not made here. If the communication of Charleen is deemed as an offer, Alan remained silent on it so an acceptance was not attained on the basis of Felthouse v Bindley and so, here also a contract was not formed. The offer had been made to Damien on the basis of him being a student of Kaplan. By handing over the cash, he also accepted the offer. The date of acceptance here comes later than that of Bernard as Damiens acceptance was attained on November 04th evening. And so, a contract was also formed between Damien and Alan. As has been stated in the introductory segment, the non-fulfilment of the promise made in the contract is deemed as a breach of contract. Once such happens, the aggrieved party can apply for monetary damages or could also opt for equitable remedies, for instance, injunction order or an order for specific performance (Latimer, 2012). When a person makes a false statement during the negotiations of a contract, only to induce the other party into the contract formation, it is deemed as misrepresentation and this gives the option to the aggrieved party to get the contract rescinded as presence of misrepresentation makes the contract voidable (Latimer, 2012). In this case, Alan had to sell the book to Bernard which he attained from university, along with the handwritten notes. Though, this promise was not fulfilled as the handwritten notes were not given to him. This would allow Bernard to initiate a case of breach of contract and seek compensation from Alan and also, apply for specific performance or injunction whereby Alan could be asked to give the handwritten notes to Bernard or be stopped from giving the same to Damien. A case of misrepresentation can also be made as the false statement was made by Alan to induce Bernard into the contract. In this case, the promise made by Alan to Damien was not upheld as he was not given the book which was promised in the offer and instead had been given a book which had been brought from the store. Hence, Damien can sue Alan for breaching the contract and claim monetary compensation and injunction order to stop Alan from selling the promised book to Bernard or seek specific injunction, to force Alan to sell the book to him. And he can also make a claim of misrepresentation as he was also made a false statement to by Alan. The most famous method of ADR is arbitration in which the parties to the dispute usually cover in the contracts, that in case of a dispute the arbitration is the method which has to be used to solve the dispute. Under this method, the parties to the dispute select an odd number of arbitrators, i.e., one or three. If the parties are not able to select one arbitrator, each party chose one arbitrator and these two arbitrators mutually chose a third arbitrator. There are different advantages of opting for this method as the costs of litigations are saved in this method. Also, the arbitration award has to be followed by the parties but the disadvantage which is present here is that for strict enforcement of the arbitration award, a court order is needed. Though, upon the arbitration award being affirmed by court, it has to be followed strictly (Fiadjoe, 2013). Conciliation is another method under the ADR in which the conciliator meets each party separately and makes attempts to solve the dispute at hand. There are again, different advantages of this method, which includes that the parties can suggest the possible solution to the dispute and can agree to the particular solution; there is also less chance of damaging the relationship between the two parties as the dispute is resolved amicably and with mutual consent; the matter not only remains confidential but also private, as the conciliation is not a public matter, like the court litigations. Though, this method is also coupled with certain disadvantages included in which are, the powers of the parties to refuse the solution given through conciliation, the failure of reaching a mutual agreement, and the matter being escalated further due to the absence of a proper legal adviser for the parties (Fiadjoe, 2013). The third most famous method of ADR is mediation where the parties elect a mediation who makes the attempts to resolve the matter after hearing each side and by applying different negotiation techniques. The mediator tries to mediate the matter peacefully. Again, the matter remains confidential and private and the parties have the control over the mediation result as the mediator is someone who is unbiased and fair. Again, in comparison to litigation, the costs associated with mediation are very less (Nolan-Haley, 2013). As was in the case of other two ADRs, this method is also coupled with various disadvantages. The mediator order is not binding on the parties, as is a court order and so the parties can chose to ignore the decision of the mediator. Hence, the time and money spent in mediation could be wasted in attempts to save this by opting for mediation instead of litigation. Also, in mediation, the parties cannot be forced to speak the truth, which can be done by the court through court order, and unlike court summons, a party cannot be forced to go forward with litigation. And the applicability of precedents is not done in mediation, so even when the facts and circumstances of two disputes are same, the decision of one cannot be applied on the other, as is done in cases of litigation (Nolan-Haley, 2013). References Andrews, N. (2015). Contract Law (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press E-Law Resources. (2017). Chappel v Nestle [1960] AC 87 House of Lords. Retrieved from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Chappel-v-Nestle.php Fiadjoe, A. (2013). Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Developing World Perspective. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited. Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne, Pearson Education Australia. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Mulcahy, L. (2008). Contract Law in Perspective (5th ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Nolan-Haley, J.M. (2013). Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell (4th ed.). Minnesota: West Academic. Paterson, J.M., Robertson, A., Duke, A. (2012). Principles of Contract Law (4th ed.). Rozelle, NSW: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Roach, L. (2016). Card and James' Business Law (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Treitel, G H., Peel, E. (2015). The Law of Contract (14th ed.). London: Sweet Maxwell.

Soros Essays - George Soros, Central European University

Soros Today I would like to talk about the most famous international speculator of them all Geroge Soros and how he went about braking the bank of England in September 1992 and quasy single handed terminate the ERM. I have always been very fascinated by international financial speculation and the actual power the individual investor has. George Soros is proberbly the worlds most famous hedge fund manager in the world.George Soros was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1930. In 1947 he emigrated to England, where he graduated from the London School of Economics. While a student at the London School of Economics, In 1956 he moved to the United States, where he began to accumulate a large fortune through an international investment fund he founded and managed. Mr. Soros currently serves as Chairman of Soros Fund Management LLC, a private investment management firm which serves as principal investment advisor to the Quantum Group of Funds recognized as having the best performance record of any investment fund in the world in its thirty-year history. Soros Philosophy is that every exchange rate is Flawed and he sat out to prove his theory in 1992 when he attacked the EMS system in late 1992. Before the reunification of Germany the ERM had proven to one of the strongest Exchange rate systems ever created but because Germany had to be the anchor of both the its own reunification and the EMR it created a a latent flaw in the ERM. The flaw was that because of the massive capital injection from west to East Germany and the 1-1 exchange rate a high inflations pressure was developed in Germany leading to an increase of interest rates. At the same time Europe and especially Britain was in a mode of recession meaning that they were not ready for such an interest hike by the Germans. This made the Pound very valuable and since the German bundeds bank were more focused on its own situation in regards to the reunification the brits were left on their own. Soros was the first to see this development and after attending a meeting with the German Bundesbank President saying that he believed more in a strong mark then in the Future ECU. Emdiatly after these signals soros went ahead and tested his flaw theory and short the Italian lira. The Italians was not in a position to defend them selves and because of Germanys home problems know help came from them . This was a sign to Soros that the pound also was valnuable. Once again he sold pounds and when the British central bank in a last desperate attempt raised nterest rate 2% it was a clear indicator for Soros that the pound was untangeblr and he went ahead and sell pound even more agressivly and by the end of that day the pound had to retrieve from ERM and Soros had made one billion $ The consequences of this attact on the pound was that the Britain's central bank wasted its reserves in an unsuccessful effort to defend the currency's value (40 billion $). Furthermore the episode derailed Britain's membership in a European initiative seeking to rationalize exchange rates -- and it earned Soros this sobriquet: the man who broke the Bank of England. Soros once again entered the international financial stage, to prove his theory that all exhange rate systems has flaws when he attaced the currencies of south East Asia. In early 1997, Soros' funds were shorting Thailand's currency, the baht, and Malaysia's currency, the ringgit -- that is, betting that the value of both currencies would drop. In July, Thailand dropped its defenses, Devaluing the baht. That set off the wave of devaluations in Malaysia and elsewhere that marked the beginning of a global economic turmoil. That conclude my little presentation on Soros and the power that speculators have in the current international financial system. However before ending I would like to hear you opinion to whether you find such speculations directly attacing counties currencies amoral and incorrect or if you believe that such actions are legitimate. Speech and Communication Essays

Marie of France, Countess of Champagne

Marie of France, Countess of Champagne Known for: French princess whose birth was a disappointment to parents who wanted a son to inherit the French throne Occupation: Countess of Champagne, regent for her husband and then for her son Dates: 1145 - March 11, 1198 Confusion with Marie de France, Poet Sometimes confused with Marie de France, Mary of France, a medieval poet of England in the 12th century whose Lais of Marie de France survive along with a translation of Aesops Fables into the English of the time and perhaps others works. About Marie of France, Countess of Champagne Marie was born to Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France. That marriage was already shaky when Eleanor gave birth to a second daughter, Alix, in 1151, and the pair realized that they were not likely to have a son. Salic Law was interpreted to mean that a daughter or daughters husband could not inherit the crown of France. Eleanor and Louis had their marriage annulled in 1152, Eleanor left first for Aquitaine and then married the heir to Englands crown, Henry Fitzempress. Alix and Marie were left in France with their father and, later, stepmothers. Marriage In 1160, when Louis married his third wife, Adà ¨le of Champagne, Louis betrothed his daughters Alix and Marie to brothers of his new wife. Marie and Henry, Count of Champagne, were married in 1164. Henry went to fight in the Holy Land, leaving Marie as his regent. While Henry was away, Maries half-brother, Philip, succeeded their father as king, and seized the dower lands of his mother, Adà ¨le of Champagne, who was also Maries sister-iin-law. Marie and others joined Adà ¨le in opposing Philips action; by the time Henry returned from the Holy Land, Marie and Philip had settled their conflict. Widowhood When Henry died in 1181, Marie served as regent for their son, Henry II, until 1187. When Henry II went to the Holy Land to fight in a crusade, Marie again served as regent. Henry died in 1197, and Maries younger son Theobold succeeded him. Marie entered a convent and died in 1198. Courts of Love Marie may have been a patron of Andrà © le Chapelain (Andreas Capellanus), author of one of the works on courtly love, as a chaplain who served Marie was named Andreas (and Chapelain or Capellanus means chaplain). In the book, he attributes judgments to Marie and to her mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, among others. Some sources accept the claim that the book, De Amore and known in English as The Art of Courtly Love, was written at the request of Marie. There is no solid historical evidence that Marie of France with or without her mother presided at courts of love in France, though some writers have made that claim. Also known as:  Marie Capet; Marie de France; Marie, Countess of Champagne Background, Family: Mother:  Eleanor of AquitaineFather:  Louis VII of France  Stepmothers:  Constance of Castile, then Adà ¨le of ChampagneFull siblings: sister  Alix, Countess  of Blois; half siblings (father Louis VII): Marguerite of France, Alys of France, Philip II of France, Agnes of France. She also had half-siblings from her mothers second marriage, but theres not much evidence she interacted with them. Marriage, Children: husband: Henry I, Count of Champagne (married 1164)children:Scholastique of Champagne, married to William V of MaconHenry II of Champagne, 1166-1197Marie of Champagne, married to Baldwin I of ConstantinopleTheobald III of Champagne, 1179-1201

Argument on Censorship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argument on Censorship - Research Paper Example This paper is a critical evaluation of censorship both as a positive and a negative instrument. Censorship Censorship, as stated herein, is an instrument used by governments, religious groups, and media among other groups to prevent the flow of information, which has a real or perceived capacity of destabilizing the society. The government and other interested parties such as the church, have the role of ensuring that moral values are protected in the society by all means available. This is necessary especially with the ever increasing accessibility and utilization of internet resources, not only by adults but also under age users. Apparently, the internet has got thousands of sites, which contain pornographic contents ranging from videos, photographs and texts. In this era of high HIV prevalence, every parent must be worried and careful on the kind of information their children are getting from the internet as pornographic materials have the capacity of creating curiosity which may end up being satisfied through engagement in illicit sex. In order to achieve this, censorship on such materials is essential and every internet provider should be held accountable if they do not apply filter on such contents (Heins 58). However, censorship in the past has been used as a means of keeping the citizens in the dark and protecting governments from criticism (Jansen 22). In this context, laws are put in place with the intention of gagging institutions such as the media and monitoring the internet so as to ensure that they do not broadcast information which is anti government. China for example has been criticized several times for applying censorship to protect the communist party. In this case, critics indicate that the government is keen on covering up past and present failures of the party so as to let people continue believing that their government is perfect and responsible. In addition, it is believed that censorship in this country is also used to shun penetration of western ideologies in the society especially due to the fact that most of the western nations are pro democracy and in that aspect, allowing free flow of information from their sources may open the eyes of Chinese citizens to alternative forms of governance (Barbour 61). This in itself is highly unethical on the part of the government as it enhances ignorance on matters concerning politics and also creates a platform for mismanagement of public resources and limitation of fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression and the right to hold demonstrations. It also puts media personnel at loggerheads with the authorities, which puts them in danger of being arrested or losing their operating licenses (Jansen 36). Countries such as Ireland have also in the past passed legislations promoting censorship of books and other materials believed to touch on issues that are perceived to be sensitive. These are for example the Censorship of Publications Act, 1929, 1946 and 1967, whic h restricted the publishing or possession of materials discussing reproductive health (Maurice 19). This is to imply that any information regarding contraceptives, sex, condoms, abortion among others were not to be circulated in the society, a move which was seen as favoring the

To what extent did Malthus€™ philosophy influence Essay

To what extent did Malthusâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ philosophy influence Englandâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies towards Ireland preceding and during the Great Famine Cite 3 specific examples. Follow MLA protocol - Essay Example There were of course different interpretations of what constituted progress: Rousseau, Voltaire, and later Marx all had their ideas about it. One such theorist concerning the best means for improving the lot of all men was Thomas Malthus. His philosophy on the nature of man would later have a profound effect on English policy and attitudes toward Ireland. Malthus did not share in the absolutist claim that all men were equal as was the case with so many Enlightenment thinkers. But he did value man’s capacity for reason which means that he was certainly a man of his time. According to Malthus, humans stood apart from animals because of their possession of â€Å"reason and will.† â€Å"[Man] is motivated by his physical needs (necessity for food and shelter), ‘the passion between the sexes’ (love, and the ‘desire to possess a beautiful woman’), and the principles of self-love and benevolence† (Simons 1955, 61). It was that latter trait that Malthus most highlighted. Self-interest drives men to seek what they want, to work, and to reproduce. Mixed with the carnal impulses, this presented the very thing which governments must appeal to in order to enact effective social and economic policy. Malthus’ economic philosophy has often been summarized as being inhumane and indifferent to society’s poor. Many during his time believed that the advances being made in the sciences would contribute to a constant betterment of the plight of the poor and thus to the general progress of man. In his famous Essay Malthus said that an increase in food production would lead to a growth of population which would eventually become unsustainable and thus lead to collapse and chaos. â€Å"[M]arshes had been drained by the score in Ireland, with a consequent growth of population and no lessening of the pressure on resources† (Petersen 1979, 473). In order to confront this reality, Malthus proposed

What Does It Mean To Be Catholic Religion Essay

What Does It Mean To Be Catholic Religion Essay 2) A Presentation on Anglican Theology in Contemporary focus. This will be the equivalent to 2,000 words -students are encouraged to explore the possibility of using alternative forms of assessment such as artwork, liturgy, website design or other creative forms. What does it mean to be catholic in the Church of England today? Inheritance The English Reformation in the 16th century was unlike the disposition of the Continental Reformation (i.e. Luther, Zwingli and French-Calvinism). Whereas the Continental Reformation introduced changes in Church Order by eradicating the order of Bishops and priests, the English Reformation, led by the Monarch King Henry VIII, retained the order of the Church whilst embracing Reform. Henry VIII, a reformed catholic, wanted to guarantee the continuity of Englands Catholic Church and the teachings of the early Church Fathers in the Creeds. Elizabeth I, a Protestant Monarch, looked for a moderate position, a middle-way religion which tolerated Catholicism. This prevented division and dissent among her people and fashioned a stable English Church where its doctrines were laid down in the Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman Catholics and Protestantism.(http://bookoflife.org/history/europe/northern_renaissance/calvin.htm Previous theologians in the English Church with high-church beliefs, were strongly convinced that the Church was Gods chosen instrument called forth over against the existing Protestant view that the Church was created as a convenient institute of the Christian Church body. The Oxford Movement (1833-1845) brought a reaction that changed everything. Key figures Keble and John-Henry Newman emphasized the importance of the historic continuity of the church signified by the apostolic succession of the bishops and its sacramental doctrine (Sykes. S. 1988. p.30) and were keen to go back to the pre-Reformation doctrine and liturgy maintained in most of the revised Prayer Books. (Jones.C.1992. p.108) The Catholic tradition has been reinforced by the Oxford Movement. An awareness of Catholic heritage entails being part of the universal Church of Jesus Christ in its fullest expression of faith treasured and continuous from the time of Constantine through the Middle Ages to today. It has stressed the importance of the visible Church and its sacraments and the belief that the ministry of bishops, priests and deacons is a sign and instrument of the Church of Englands Catholic and apostolic identity. (https://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/ index.html) and considered essential to the Church life and the Apostolic Ordering of the Church. Today there are many broad catholic groups in the Church of England; Anglo-Catholics, the Society of the Sacred Cross, Forward in Faith and Affirming Catholicism, These groups, however, are not always united. Their fragmentation dates to the Tractarian Revival and involves the question of the English Churchs identity and integrity. Within the last twenty years there have been tensions over the ordination of women to the sacred priesthood and more recently, over headship and consecration of women as Bishops. The fundamental issue is where the authority of the Church is located. Conservative and traditional Anglo-Catholics are in allegiance with Conservative Evangelicals in the Church of England over the leadership issue. Their belief is that Christ chose to ordain men (Mark 3: 13-19) and that the Apostles did not ordain women (Acts 1:12 -26). Priests, therefore, must be male to act in persona Christus and thus retain ecumenical census. Secondly, there is the teaching of St. Pauls I do not allow women to teach men or have authority over a man. (1Timothy 2:12) There is a sense of vitality when a church is living out the five affirmed marks of mission: proclaiming the Gospel, nurturing and baptizing new believers, transforming communities, loving service and speaking out against injustice and sustaining the earth while protecting the integrity of creation. (www.anglicancommunion.org) Signs of growth would include eventful worship, on-going evangelism and prayer among others. However, it is important to remember that most churches will not always be firing on all five cylinders of the marks of mission. Within Anglicanism the term churchmanship (low, broad and high) describes a distinctive comprehension of church doctrine and liturgical practices by Christians associated with the Church of England and world-wide Anglican Communion. High Churchmanship is referred to as the Anglo-Catholic tradition; a label derived from a sub-group who, influenced by the Oxford Movement, are part of a tradition that emphasizes the continuity with what has gone before; the Catholic tradition. Within high churchmanship there is a spectrum of catholic terminology; (Liberal/Inclusive, Traditional Anglo-Catholic, Modern / Moderate and Prayer -Book Catholics). Traditional Anglo-Catholics Most traditional Catholics are Papalists who see themselves under the authority of papal primacy without actually being in communion with the Roman Church. Full communion with Roman, Western and the Eastern Orthodox Church is desired because the Pope is seen, as being the Patriarch of the West under Roman jurisdiction. Anglo-Catholics have a devotion to our Blessed Virgin Mary under Marys title Our Lady of Walsingham. Theologically, for some Anglo-Catholics, having a devotion to the Eucharist may be more significant for their spiritual and personal prayer-life rather than the celebration of the Mass. The Church of England teaches that only two Sacraments are necessary for salvation; Baptism and Eucharist but there are Anglo-Catholic priests who hear confessions and anoint the sick. Roman Catholicism acknowledges these as part of their seven sacraments (Confession, Marriage, Baptism, Holy Orders, Confirmation, Eucharist and Unction) but would be considered as Rites in the Church of England. Doctrine AC doctrine believes the nature of the Church to be a divinely created instrument of Gods revelation to the world. It is sacramental in her essence and her imperative is to outward visible unity. Her doctrine takes note of history and ecumenical councils whilst responding to contemporary reflections. She proclaims more of a re-interpretation of the faith once delivered to the saints than a new formulation based on present fashion. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith make clear the distinctions between Anglican and Roman Catholic comprehension of doctrine. Whilst the Articles were written so to be open to interpretation, Anglo-Catholics protect Catholic practices and beliefs as being consistent with them. Liberal/Inclusive Catholics Liberal Catholics more readily embrace change and accept new insights in theology; liturgy and moral theology (i.e. issues surrounding homosexuality). The Liberal tradition has emphasized the importance of the use of reason in theological exploration. It has stressed the need to develop Christian belief and practice in order to respond creatively to wider advances in human knowledge and understanding and the importance of social and political action in forwarding Gods kingdom. (https://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/index.html) Liberal-Catholics seek to be inclusive and embrace the diversity of faith; rejoicing in working ecumenically and are generally more accommodating, with freedom and liberty. Modern Catholics Modern Catholics broadly accept the Tractarian/ Sacramental position. Within current theological debates, liberal thinking and the ordination and consecration of women is accepted. Prayer -Book Catholics Prayer- Book Catholics were loyal to the 1662 Book of Common -Prayer though prefaces such as Benedictus- qui -venit, Agnus- Die and prayer of oblation said as part of the canon by the priest, is preferable. PBC lean towards the late Medieval way of ceremony, church adornment and gothic vestments. Traditional Sarum -Rite applies an altar, set with a cross and two candles, framed by a cloth dossal and two side curtains. Sense and Sacramental Catholic spirituality experiences the presence and power of God sacramentally. The Holy Sacraments enable Christians to encounter the love and presence of God. Within liturgical celebrations catholic Christians use symbolic mannerisms; making the sign of the cross, incensing and anointing, genuflecting and bowing to the altar and before the Reservation of the Blessed Sacrament in recognising Gods presence. Participating in the Sacraments empowers a profound sacramental appreciation; where just as Christ is present in bread and wine (John 6: 51-58) many other facets of life can also be altered by Gods presence and supremacy. Liturgical Life and Practice Let my prayer rise before you like incense. (Psalm141: 2) Liturgy is not individualistic but is an action in which the whole church participates. The liturgical life of the church is crucial to catholic spirituality; holding fast to a rigorous public discipline of prayer life through saying the daily Offices. This complements the evangelical tradition whose emphasis is on a more personal devotion. The way people pray shapes their identity but a church that lives on extemporary prayer and a non- Eucharist worship does not have a catholic or Anglican identity. Catholic liturgy is well-ordered with the belief that liturgical worship emphasizes the meaning of being Christian within the world with the identity that history, Church and mission go together (Croft. A. 2008. p. 78). Anglo-Catholic liturgy is shaped by the six points of Eucharistic practice from the Tractarian Movement; Vestments, Eastward-facing Masses, Altar Lights, Un-Leavened bread and water mixed with the wine at Eucharist and using Incense. (http://anglicanhistory.org/ england/misc/bell_oxford1933.html) Priesthood The nature of the Church is to be a priestly body' (1 Peter 2: 5, 9-10). Ordained priests are called out by the Church as priests to the priestly community. All Catholics would agree about the belief in the Communion of Saints, offering prayers for the faithful departed, asking for the intercession of Saints, the importance of priests and the impossibility of lay presidency but would disagree on the issues of women and celibacy. Catholics believe that the ordained sacred priesthood is sacramental with some Anglo-Catholics encouraging their priests to live celibate lives. Priests are seen as a sacramental and visible presence of Christ and a high doctrine of what the Church can do as the people of God moving as the Spirit of God. The Church is the Sacrament of Christ, (Bunting. Ian.. 2006. p. 101) uniting us with God and Jesus Christ through word, sacrament and the recognition of the threefold orders of ministry. (Croft. S. 2008. p. 81) Christian sacraments offer the care and support of life from birth to death and within this sacramental framework, the priest makes-present the divine grace at every stage and in every need. (Macquarrie. J. 1966. p. 437) The Eucharist Catholics have a high sacramental view and doctrine manifesting itself in the importance of Baptism and Eucharist. The Catholic view is that on behalf of the congregation and the whole Church, the priest offers/pleads the salvific action of Christ on the cross (Hebrews 4: 14- 5:10) where Christ brings home the reality to us of the everlasting benefits of His victory (John 6: 53-57) renewing our Christian response, thanksgiving and abandonment to Him. There is a strong belief in the Real Presence of Jesus Christ through the consecration of the elements of Bread and Wine where, Communion with Christ in the Eucharist presupposes his true presence, effectually signified by the bread and wine which, in this mystery, become his body and blood. (http://www.antioch.com.sg/cgi-bin/Agora-Pub/get/expressions/54.html?nogifs) However, to understand the Real Presence by His body and blood, must be realized within the framework of Christs redemptive and saving acts. This means Christs offering of himself for humanity to be reconciled to God the Father, in harmony and in life within Jesus Christ himself. The Eucharist and the celebration of Eucharistic liturgy, defines the identity of being Catholic. The Eucharist is an enactment, a drama, event, participation and proclamation with every sense appealed to. Discipleship Catholics believe the Church is sacramental in being Christs presence within the world; called to embrace the world with the gracious and transforming love of Christ. Catholic life is energised by Christs ongoing presence in Scripture, in the sacramental life of the catholic tradition and within prayer and comprehension. Being catholic pastorally takes seriously the prayer, Let me see the face of Christ in all people in the poor, the orphans, the destitute and through rage and anger. A catholic and global faith confirms that the image of God is everywhere. (http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/1925) Bishop Weston wrote, You cannot claim to worship Jesus in the Tabernacle, if you do not pity Jesus in the slums.. (+Weston -1923 Anglo-Catholic Congress) It is one thing having Christ in the Tabernacle but unless Christians engage by serving and searching for Christ in the needy and suffering and wash their feet (John 13: 1-17) then the Eucharist means nothing. To be catholic is to be universal and embracing, taking on essentially an incarnational view of Gods activity in the world, connecting social and Catholicism with Christ in the Eucharist and Christ in the world. This is the heart of true Catholic discipleship.

Miss Ophelia in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin Essay

Miss Ophelia in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being the only Northerner to take a focal role in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Miss Ophelia is a realistic adaptation of the ideal woman that Harriet Beecher Stowe proposes with the images of the other perfect women. She is educated, single, independent, ambitious, and motivated by a certain sense of duty. Unlike the other women in the novel, she is the one with the most masculine mannerisms: she relies on her thoughts rather than her emotions to make decisions about her life and political beliefs. However Miss Ophelia also appears to be the audience that Stowe is partially addressing -- those who feel like they know something about slavery, but who haven’t truly analyzed their own mind about their prejudices. This was one of the reasons why Stowe wrote her book: to connect with people who hadn’t yet decided what side of the Mason-Dixon line they fell on. Ophelia is the perfect example of either Northerners or Southerners who at first don’t have a strong opinion about slavery but after an encounter, experience, or a revelation finally find their voice. For Miss Ophelia, she discovers herself with the help of a little girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little Eva attempts to explain to Ophelia about how they should love all and follow Jesus’ love for everyone. â€Å"Don’t you know that Jesus loves all alike? He is just as willing to love you, as me. He loves you just as I do, -only more, because he is better. He will help you to be good; and you can go to Heaven at last, and be an angel forever, just as much as if you were white. (p.245-6)† Even though Jesus loves both black and white folks, that can’t necessarily persuade Miss Ophelia to kiss and hug the slaves. â€Å"’It puts me in mind of mother,’ he said to Ophelia. ‘It is true what she told me, if we want to give sight to the blind, we must be willing to do as Christ did, - call them to us, and put our hands on them.’ ‘I’ve always had a prejudice against Negroes,’ said Miss Ophelia, ‘and it’s a fact, I never could bear to have that child touch me; but I didn’t think she knew it. (p. 246)† Even though Miss Ophelia has people trying to persuade her to fully embrace the other race, for one reason or another she just can’t bring herself to do it. She believes that it is wrong because that is what she was raised to think. On the other hand, St. Clare is the polar opposite t... ... the horrid souls to an afterlife in hell. Feminism is an unmistakable theme in this novel. Stowe portrays women as strong, independent characters and gives all of them very effective roles. In the end, it is the women who are the most religious. When readers are first introduced to Miss Ophelia they encounter a Vermonter who has beliefs about slavery but no emotions to back up her words. For all of her duty and religious piety, she must have love, emotion and feeling to back up her words for them to be of any significance. Then through interaction with other characters in the book, Miss Ophelia’s morals and beliefs slowly begin to solidify. By the end of the book she is deeply rooted and emotionally connected to everything she says. This is exactly the type of reader that Stowe wished to reach. Someone who maybe wasn’t too sure on how they felt about paying money for someone’s life would hopefully, once finished with Uncle Tom’s Cabin, realize their own ideals and opinions about life for Negroes i n the South and then try to do something to help them leave their lives of horror. Works Cited Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. W.W. Norton & Co, Inc. New York, 1994 Miss Ophelia in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin Essay Miss Ophelia in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being the only Northerner to take a focal role in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Miss Ophelia is a realistic adaptation of the ideal woman that Harriet Beecher Stowe proposes with the images of the other perfect women. She is educated, single, independent, ambitious, and motivated by a certain sense of duty. Unlike the other women in the novel, she is the one with the most masculine mannerisms: she relies on her thoughts rather than her emotions to make decisions about her life and political beliefs. However Miss Ophelia also appears to be the audience that Stowe is partially addressing -- those who feel like they know something about slavery, but who haven’t truly analyzed their own mind about their prejudices. This was one of the reasons why Stowe wrote her book: to connect with people who hadn’t yet decided what side of the Mason-Dixon line they fell on. Ophelia is the perfect example of either Northerners or Southerners who at first don’t have a strong opinion about slavery but after an encounter, experience, or a revelation finally find their voice. For Miss Ophelia, she discovers herself with the help of a little girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little Eva attempts to explain to Ophelia about how they should love all and follow Jesus’ love for everyone. â€Å"Don’t you know that Jesus loves all alike? He is just as willing to love you, as me. He loves you just as I do, -only more, because he is better. He will help you to be good; and you can go to Heaven at last, and be an angel forever, just as much as if you were white. (p.245-6)† Even though Jesus loves both black and white folks, that can’t necessarily persuade Miss Ophelia to kiss and hug the slaves. â€Å"’It puts me in mind of mother,’ he said to Ophelia. ‘It is true what she told me, if we want to give sight to the blind, we must be willing to do as Christ did, - call them to us, and put our hands on them.’ ‘I’ve always had a prejudice against Negroes,’ said Miss Ophelia, ‘and it’s a fact, I never could bear to have that child touch me; but I didn’t think she knew it. (p. 246)† Even though Miss Ophelia has people trying to persuade her to fully embrace the other race, for one reason or another she just can’t bring herself to do it. She believes that it is wrong because that is what she was raised to think. On the other hand, St. Clare is the polar opposite t... ... the horrid souls to an afterlife in hell. Feminism is an unmistakable theme in this novel. Stowe portrays women as strong, independent characters and gives all of them very effective roles. In the end, it is the women who are the most religious. When readers are first introduced to Miss Ophelia they encounter a Vermonter who has beliefs about slavery but no emotions to back up her words. For all of her duty and religious piety, she must have love, emotion and feeling to back up her words for them to be of any significance. Then through interaction with other characters in the book, Miss Ophelia’s morals and beliefs slowly begin to solidify. By the end of the book she is deeply rooted and emotionally connected to everything she says. This is exactly the type of reader that Stowe wished to reach. Someone who maybe wasn’t too sure on how they felt about paying money for someone’s life would hopefully, once finished with Uncle Tom’s Cabin, realize their own ideals and opinions about life for Negroes i n the South and then try to do something to help them leave their lives of horror. Works Cited Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. W.W. Norton & Co, Inc. New York, 1994

The July Plot Failed Largely Because of Popular Support for Hitler

The German public had met the outbreak of World War II with a general sense of apprehension. Although Hitler had been admired for his achievements thus far, it was becoming increasingly obvious to the German public that the regeneration of their economy would come at a price. Hitler made considerable achievements in political and economic fields. He also addressed military matters and to some extent social policy. The Enabling Bill was passed in March 1933, with opposition coming only from the Socialists. This was due to the threat posed by the development of the Gestapo and of course, the SS, which had advanced â€Å"from improvised terror of the early years to the gigantic concentration-camp system of the extermination era. † (Bracher – 1970) As a result of relentless persecution and the introduction of stringent laws, various groups emerged, with a mutual opposition to Nazi conformity. Unfortunately there was no single, unified resistance movement, which meant that any kind of successful campaign proved difficult to initiate, especially under the close eye of the Gestapo. Resistance ranged from youth groups such as the Edelweiss Pirates, committing petty crimes, to the Beck-Goerdeler group and the Kreisau Circle who made attempts on Hitler's life. At the same time there was a great deal of support for Hitler and allegiance to him, which made it more difficult still for the resistance groups to take any action. The Edelweiss Pirates were a prime example of youth resistance to Nazi conformity. They consisted of mostly working class youths. Some had refused to join the Hitler youth because of the lifestyle it would have imposed upon them. Others had simply dropped out from the Hitler Youth presumably because they disagreed with the programme. They daubed graffiti on public walls, disturbed uniformed officials and held pitched battles with the Hitler Youth. On a greater scale, groups such as the Kreisau Circle and the Beck-Goerdeler Group spoke actively about ending the Nazi regime and looked towards a post Nazi Germany. The founders of the Beck-Goerdeler group, Ludwig Beck and Carl Goerdeler, had both held positions in Hitler's governmental office. Beck was Chief of General Staff and Goerdeler was Commissioner, having remained in office after the government of Heinrich Bruning. Beck particularly objected to Hitler's attempts to take over the army. He sent a messenger to London to seek military aid from Neville Chamberlain to help prevent Germany invading Czechoslovakia. However, Chamberlain's regime was one of appeasement. Hitler learned of Beck's opposition and he was thrown out of office. From there on in he kept in touch with many others who opposed Hitler's regime. Goerdeler resigned from office in 1934 after disagreement with Hitler's policies, publicly opposed German rearmament and the Nuremberg Laws and was appalled by the Munich Agreement whereby the Sudetenland was taken from Czechoslovakia and given back to Germany. He made contact with Beck and became involved in the July Plot where he agreed to become Chancellor in the proposed office should the plot prove successful. There were various other key figures within the Beck-Goerdeler group such as Henning von Tresckow, a general staff officer during the Second World War, and Captain Wilhelm Canaris who worked with Himmler and SS intelligence but leaked information to Beck and Goerdeler. However, one figure emerged as an active leader of the Beck-Goerdeler group by the name of Major Claus von Stauffenberg. Appalled by the atrocities of the SS as a member of the general staff, he began to associate with Henning von Tresckow and others. He was soon promoted to major and was badly injured when his car was attacked by enemy aircraft and rolled into a minefield. While recovering from his injuries he decided to join the Beck-Goerdeler group in the July Plot. It was decided among the group that Hitler and Himmler must be eliminated. Once that was done, it was planned for troops in Berlin to seize key government buildings, telephone and signal centres and radio stations. The Kreisau Circle was a group of German professionals, army officers and academics who were opposed to Nazism. Founded in 1933, it was led by Count Helmuth von Moltke, who was born in Kreisau itself and who worked closely with Wilhelm Canaris and Hans Oster. In 1939 he became financial adviser to Abwehr, the German military intelligence organization. Many of the members of Abwehr became active in the resistance movement in Germany, including von Moltke, Oster, and Canaris who was head of Abwehr. Members of the Kreisau Circle frequently held their meetings on von Moltke's estate. They saw defeat in the war as inevitable and post war planning and reorganisation as essential. Hitler and the Nazi party were threatened not only by active resistance groups, but also by various organisations, not least the German Army. In fact, according to Dr. Klaus Hildebrand in his book â€Å"The Third Reich,† â€Å"Two major political and social forces, namely big business and the army, managed to resist the party's totalitarian demands until 1936 and 1938 respectively, when they were brought under strict control. † The extract is taken from â€Å"The Third Reich† written by Dr. Klaus Hildebrand, first published in 1984 and translated from German into English. The date of issue causes the matter of bias to be somewhat disregarded. Had the book have been published 30 years earlier, the authors view would have been far more tainted. Resistance groups such as the Beck-Goerdeler Group and the Kreisau Circle realised that political overthrow of the Nazi government was unrealistic. It was becoming increasingly obvious that in order to seize power, a coup d'etat was the only answer. Based on the above source, one would expect that a military coup wasn't out of the question. However, when approached, the army were uncooperative and, according to Alan Bullock, â€Å"The army's illusions had helped to consolidate Nazi rule† The quote is taken from Bullock's â€Å"Hitler – A Study in Tyranny,† which was first published in 1952. A well-acclaimed book, translated into 14 languages, and written by a former tutor of modern history who lived through both World Wars, it certainly seems as though this book would prove valuable to any study set in this context. This particular quote contradicts the previous extract from Hildebrand's â€Å"The Third Reich† and leads us to believe that the army helped to reinforce Nazi rule rather than oppose it. Some might jump to the conclusion that the reason for the difference between the two sources lies in the nationality of the authors. This is unlikely but can be taken into account as Dr. Hildebrand is German and Bullock is British. A more important factor perhaps is the date of publication of both books. Having been published in 1952, only 7 years after the end of the war, Bullock's biography may have been influenced by public opinion, which would certainly have been strong at the time, and also lack of knowledge about the German Army. Additionally, Bullock was probably one of the first authors to write such a well-acclaimed book addressing events of the Second World War. Therefore, one might feasibly presume that his book left room for improvement as there have been countless books written since, on Hitler and on World War II. Bullock could have used primary sources, eyewitnesses and indeed his own experiences to his advantage. Dr. Klaus Hildebrand, having first published his book in 1984, would have had a wealth of material to help form his opinions and arguments. He could have used primary and secondary sources and views of other historians since the period of study. Bullock would have found this more difficult. However, Bullock had access to eyewitnesses and primary sources that Hildebrand may not have found quite so easily during the 1980s. Perhaps the reason Bullock saw the army as having ‘illusions' lies in the fact that Hitler manipulated the army in order to prevent any threat to his totalitarian rule. It was important that he had their unconditional support as, without it, he could not maintain a secure state, and due to the severity of his regime, could even risk a military coup. He introduced a system of gradual Nazi infiltration into the army. Furthermore, with the emergence of the Hitler Youth who were also given admittance, the army were bound to become more sympathetic to Nazi sentiments. Despite Hitler's attempts to promote Nazism within the army, he felt he still had to earn their respect somehow. The Rohm Purge of 1934 proved convenient as it gave Hitler the opportunity to eliminate those whom he felt threatened the Nazi regime whilst at the same time satisfying the Army. He instigated the Rohm Purge or the ‘Night of the Longknives' in July of 1934. On July 1st he ordered that the detained Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, be executed. This followed a series of executions and arrests of various SA members. The Army regarded the SA as an unruly and threatening group and thus approved of their elimination. In order to ensure he had the army's respect, Hitler enforced their pledge to the following oath: â€Å"I swear by God this sacred oath: that I will render unconditional obedience to the Fuhrer of the German Reich and people of Adolf Hitler, the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and will be ready as a brave soldier to risk my life at any time for this oath. † (Document 1 – prescribed document pack) The above oath was a prime example of allegiance to Hitler and it made each soldiers' commitment morally binding. It would suggest, therefore, that those who would deviate from their duties and dare to oppose Hitler would be committing an act of treachery and abandoning their morals at the same time. The oath was taken on August 2nd 1934, almost immediately after the death of General von Hindenburg. This was significant as the army had great respect for Hindenburg and Hitler had to ensure he had a similar level of respect or risk a military coup. As a result of this pledge and the army's approval of the Rohm Purge, it was always going to prove difficult to promote anti-Nazi sentiments within their ranks. It must be said that, aside from popular support for Hitler, the July Plot and indeed many other attempts on Hitler's life suffered from severe misfortune. An unlikely series of flukes ensured that Hitler remained unscathed by any of the attempts until the final July Plot. â€Å"General Franz Halder and Henning von Tresckow intended to use a bomb to assassinate Hitler but the device failed to detonate†¦ Field Marshal von Witzhelben intended to shoot Hitler at the Champs Elysees. Sadly Hitler declined his invitation to visit Paris†¦ Colonel von Gersdorff agreed to blow up both himself and Hitler when they shook hands but he failed to get close enough† The above extract and the oath of allegiance are taken from â€Å"David Evans and Jane Jenkins Years of Weimar and the Third Reich, 1999. † The oath is useful to an historian as a primary source. It demonstrates why it might have proven difficult to incite resistance against Hitler and thus gain support for the July Plot. As a direct translation it should not suffer from any form of bias. The above extract, in summarising the various attempts on Hitler's life, is useful in its portrayal of the desperate measures taken by resistance groups. David Evans and Jane Jenkins are specialised historians in this subject area and will have used both primary sources, secondary sources and other historians' views as well as their own knowledge. The date of publication of the sources would ensure that they were free from censorship. Additionally, any bias that might have been brought about during the post-war area will have been discounted by this time. By the end of 1943, The Gestapo and Himmler's SD had succeeded in dispersing most anti-Nazi resistance within Germany. Key figures of resistance had been arrested or invalidated in some way. Hans Oster, one of the heads of German military intelligence, who had maintained active resistance against Hitler, was placed under close surveillance. In January 1944 Moltke, a leading figure in the Kreisau Circle, had also been arrested after it was discovered that he was warning conspirators that they were about to be arrested. Around the same time Beck of the Beck-Goerdeler group underwent a serious cancer operation and his health was unstable. Resistance was effectively in disarray. Again in 1944, Canaris had been dismissed as head of Abwehr on grounds of incompetence and thus the resistance suffered from a lack of information on Hitler's movements. Thankfully Stauffenberg was appointed as Chief of Staff to General Fromm, head of the Home Army. From there he would have ample information on Hitler's whereabouts. In the summer of 1944 Rommel was approached about joining the July Plot. He refused, criticising their tactics and claiming that assassination would turn Hitler into a martyr. Instead he suggested that Hitler should be arrested and brought to trial. However, on 17th July Rommel was injured when a British fighter aircraft attacked his car in Northern France. Furthermore, and on the same day, Goerdeler was arrested with lists for the provisional government. German resistance had suffered a terrible run of bad luck. Nevertheless, plans to assassinate Hitler and seize Berlin were put into action. On July 20th, Stauffenberg's presence was requested at a conference to report on the state of the Home Army. It was intended that Stauffenberg would assassinate Hitler using a time bomb in a briefcase. At the same time, it was proposed that resistance troops in Berlin would seize governmental buildings, telephone and signal centres and radio stations after arresting SS troops who might put a stop to the plan, known as ‘Operation Valkyrie. ‘ The conference had been put forward by half an hour from 1pm because Hitler had a meeting in the early afternoon with Mussolini. When it came to the conference, Stauffenberg arrived late having activated the time bomb in his briefcase. He placed it about 12 feet from where Hitler was stood and made a prompt exit. The bomb exploded and the plot almost proved successful; although the bomb had exploded in Hitler's vicinity, his good fortune remained a prevalent factor in his survival. â€Å"Hitler had been protected, partly by the table-top over which he was leaning at the time, and partly by the heavy wooden support on which the table rested and against which Stauffenberg's brief-case had been pushed before the bomb exploded† In spite of the fact that Hitler had sustained minor injuries and was fairly shaken, he delivered a speech to the public on the same day. The extract above is a fitting example of Hitler's uncanny good fortune and is taken from â€Å"Hitler A study in Tyranny,† written by Alan Bullock. The conspiracy fell apart quickly; General Fromm had Stauffenberg shot at midnight in the courtyard of the War Ministry and in the following months of vengeance, Hitler was sure to seek out all those involved and have them tortured and executed. In fact, many of those killed thereafter had no connection with the July Plot but were merely among a large group of people whom Hitler was wary of for one reason or another. Aside from Hitler's persistent fortuity and the loss key figures in German resistance, there were other factors that led to the failure of the July Plot. It could be said that the various assassination attempts including the July Plot failed due to lack of competence. The mere fact that so many assassination attempts were implemented would suggest that there was a sense of desperation in the hope of removing Hitler. The following extract quotes Henning von Tresckow when voicing his opinion to Stauffenberg: â€Å"The assassination must be attempted at all costs. If it should fail, action must still be taken in Berlin. For it is no longer a question of the practical aim: it must be demonstrated to the world and to history that the German resistance has decided on a supreme throw. Nothing matters in comparison with this. † The quote is again taken from â€Å"The Third Reich† written by Dr. Klaus Hildebrand. I believe it to be useful in its portrayal of the sheer desperation of the Beck-Goerdeler group in their attempt to remove Hitler. When looking at the failure of the July Plot one might ask what would have happened if the initial assassination attempt had succeeded. Different historians have different views as to what post Hitler Germany would have held in store. Some say the Beck-Goerdeler group's provisional government would have failed, some say they would have succeeded. Heinz Guderian was commander of the General Staff. As a result of the July Plot Guderian demanded the resignation of any officer who did not fully support the ideals of the Nazi Party. Over the next few months Guderian played a role in the Army Court of Honour that expelled hundreds of officers suspected of being opposed to Hitler's policies. Although willing to carry out a purge of the Army, Guderian disagreed with Hitler over strategy and he was dismissed from office on 28th March 1945. According to his book ‘Panzer Leader,' He believed that the resistance hadn't enough troops to defend their position. He believed essentially that Operation Valkyrie was a disaster and that even if Hitler had been assassinated, Germany would have been no worse or better off. Guderian joined the army in 1908 thus he had considerable military experience. He led the attack on Poland in September 1939 and his rapid success sent shockwaves throughout the world. One would assume that Guderian's view would therefore be one of value. Guderian stated that: â€Å"The officers and men assembled for Operation Valkyrie had not the slightest idea of what was going on. † However, having been published in 1953, there is likelihood that Guderian's book may have been influenced by public opinion. Furthermore Guderian served under Hitler and was witness to much propaganda that would have shamed and discredited the resistance movements. It is quite possible that Guderian could have taken on board some of Hitler's views on resistance movements such as the Beck-Goerdeler Group, which might explain his unenthusiastic view of their strategy. Albert Speer agrees with the fundamental idea that the coup was doomed from the start. He believed that the plot failed because of the extent of loyalty to Hitler. Speer first met Hitler in July 1933 as a member of the SS and was given the task of organising the Nuremberg Rally. He became Minister of Armaments and was a good administrator. He considerably raised production levels of armaments. He must have been familiar with Hitler and the degree of loyalty that he commanded. One might expect, then, that his claim might have been justified. However, it may once again be worthwhile to consider Speer's possible acceptance of Hitler's ideas as his own. If this was the case then Speer may have been misled as to how much loyalty to Hitler actually existed. Others believe that the plan would have succeeded. Certainly Bullock makes reference to the fact that in Paris, the plan actually worked. Conspirators in Paris, Vienna, Prague, Kassel, and Frankfurt continued to implement their plans even after the reported failure of the coup in Berlin. The plans made considerable achievements in Paris where some 1,200 SS and SD troops were arrested. It collapsed, however, simply because the assassination attempt on Hitler had failed. Added to this was the fact that the Navy and SS quickly began their counter measures. Bullock also looked upon the support of Rommel as a positive factor, claiming that: â€Å"His popularity would have been a considerable asset. † As already established, Bullock was a tutor in modern history at the same time as he was writing ‘Hitler a Study in Tyranny. ‘ He was also Vice Chancellor of Oxford University from 1969-73. He had a wealth of experience in the field of modern History and this particular book is hailed to be: ‘Acclaimed all over the world as an outstanding biography. ‘ David G. Williamson looks upon the failure of the July Plot somewhat sympathetically. He believes that, had the generals in Berlin have acted more decisively without waiting to hear whether or not Hitler was dead, they could have overthrown the SS and the SD as they did in Paris. Williamson is an expert in this field and has written several books on German Modern History including ‘The Third Reich,' which is quoted in document 11 of the prescribed document pack. This particular book was published in 1982. Williamson would therefore have had a great deal of material at his disposal. He will have used a range of primary and secondary sources as well as taking into consideration views of other historians. Some of his other titles include ‘Bismarck and Germany 1862-1890,' published in 1986, ‘Germany from Defeat to Partition, 1945-1963,' and ‘The Age of the Dictators,' not yet published. The views of Heinz Guderian and David G. Williamson differ greatly. We might again attribute this to their difference in nationality, though there are once more additional factors to be considered. Guderian's view might have been tainted greatly by a very influential Hitler whereas Williamson's view should have been free from any form of bias. The dates of publication also differ greatly. Guderian's book, ‘Panzer Leader' was published in 1953, probably written almost immediately after the war when the general consensus was certainly a biased one. Williamson's ‘The Third Reich' was published in 1982 when there was more material available, less propaganda and less influenced public opinion. I feel that support for Hitler was widespread, and where there wasn't support there was loyalty through fear. I believe that Himmler posed as much of a threat as Hitler as a Nazi aggressor and as head of the army from 1944, he could have overthrown any kind of provisional government set up by the Beck-Goerdeler Group upon assassination of Hitler. It would be wrong to say that the plot failed entirely due to popular support for Hitler and more feasible to propose that, as the essay title suggests, the plot failed largely due to popular support for Hitler. He gained the support of the army and had the support of the SA and later the SS. He also had a largely dedicated governmental cabinet. Any form of opposition was promptly eliminated. Of course, the July Plot also failed because of a succession of mishaps and poor organisation as previously mentioned.